This study uses a staggered adoption of first-price auctions (FPAs) in internet display advertising to examine how bidders learn and how prices evolve after a format switch from second-price auctions (SPAs). Using differences-in-differences (DID) and synthetic difference-in-differences (SDID) on a massive publisher-bidder dataset from Xandr, the authors find that revenues per sold impression jump immediately after FPAs, with increases ranging roughly from 25% to 70% of the pre-treatment price level across four events. Over time, the price premium dissipates in three later switches, consistent with gradual learning and bid shading adjustments toward a Bayesian-Nash equilibrium; in some specifications prices even revert toward SPA levels. The last event shows no significant immediate jump, consistent with prior learning. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that less sophisticated bidders exhibit larger price increases than the ad-exchange’s AppNexus/Xandr bidder, suggesting bid shading as the mechanism behind the transitory effect. These results offer important guidance for auction designers in evaluating short-run price effects after format changes and the potential for long-run convergence to revenue-equivalence levels. [page::1][page::14][page::19]
This study exploits Singapore’s differential public housing policies as a quasi-natural experiment to identify how social integration affects immigrants’ housing behaviours over time. Using survey data from 1,128 immigrant and local households linked with public rental and resale housing records, the authors find that, in the public rental market, better integration is associated with longer commuting distances (3.04% per additional post-migration year, IV) and lower rents (about 0.67% per year of residency; ~6.7% per decade), with stronger effects for minority groups [page::22][page::24][page::28]. Conversely, in the public resale market, well-integrated naturalised citizens show no price premiums relative to natives, suggesting no further integration effects once integration is well advanced [page::26][page::27]. The results extend spatial assimilation theory to cities with few ethnic enclaves and highlight the temporal dimension of integration in shaping housing trajectories [page::27].
This paper develops a framework for designing AMMs in binary prediction markets based on uniform loss-versus-rebalancing (LVR). It defines uniform LVR as instantaneous LVR being proportional to the pool value and independent of the current price, achieved by aligning the AMM’s invariant with a separable win-martingale price process through a boundary-value problem (BVP). The authors prove a bidirectional correspondence: from any separable win-martingale, one can construct a concave pool-value function V solving the uniformity BVP, and conversely, from a regular V one can derive a compatible price process G and clock h so that the AMM is uniform. They extend to dynamic liquidity management, showing that a deterministic liquidity schedule can implement a prescribed target expected cumulative loss, with a closed-form m′(t) under uniform LVR. Canonical examples (Gaussian score dynamics, the most exciting game, CPMM, LMSR) illustrate the construction and the robustness benefits, including minimax fairness and budget legibility. The framework thus links belief dynamics to AMM geometry and enables tailored liquidity deployment to shape price-discovery subsidies across price and time [page::1][page::4][page::12][page::18][page::15][page::23].
We develop a continuous-time structural dynamic model to determine the exact insolvency regions of banks arising from the non-linear interaction between liquidity and credit risk. By embedding Basel III constraints (LCR and NSFR) into a stochastic optimal-control framework, we derive the exact insolvency boundary via the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation and propose a surrogate closed-form approximation for real-time monitoring. Calibrated on granular Iranian bank balance-sheet data, the model reveals a non-linear “insolvency cliff”: the joint occurrence of liquidity stress and credit portfolio deterioration accelerates insolvency more than either shock alone. The surrogate function enables regulators to perform rapid stress testing and early warning in practice, bridging rigorous theory with supervisory needs in emerging markets. [page::0]