Can renewable energy sources alleviate the pressure of military expenditures on the environment? Empirical evidence from Turkiye
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摘要
Using annual data (1990–2021) and an ARDL bounds approach, the paper tests whether renewable energy mitigates the environmental impact of military expenditures in Turkiye and adds an interaction term to capture joint effects [page::7]. Empirical results show military expenditure raises CO2 emissions in both short and long run while renewable energy reduces CO2; importantly, the interaction term is negative and significant, indicating renewables attenuate the military-related increase in emissions [page::9]. Policy implications include promoting renewable adoption in military infrastructure, mandatory environmental assessments for defense projects, and civil–military cooperation to achieve greener security [page::10].
